Fluoridation Bibliography

IS FLUORIDATION SCIENTIFICALLY DEFENSIBLE?
Bibliography with Annotations

by
John R. Lee, MD

Home | Dosage Problems | Lack of Dental Benefit | Toxicity
Fluoride and Bone | No Known Essential Uses for Fluoride

Dr. Lee graduated cum laude from Harvard University and then studied medicine at the University of Minnesota. He practiced family medicine in Mill Valley, CA for thirty years and was a clinical instructor at the University of California at San Francisco for one year. He has been teaching a class in optimal health at Marin College for 16 years. After many years of research and experience, Dr. Lee concludes that fluoridation of the community water supplies is a failed concept and should be abandoned.

Dosage Problems: Food chain fluoride now exceeds "optimal" intake

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Leverett DH. Fluorides and the Changing Prevalence of Dental Caries. Science 217:26-30, July 1982. Environmental fluoride may be approaching a critical mass.
Lee JR. Optimal fluoridation--the concept and its application to municipal water fluoridation. Western J Med; 122:431-6, May 1975.
Rose D & Marier JR. Environmental Fluoride 1977. National Research Council of Canada, No.16081, Ottawa, July 1978.
Shern et al. Enamel biopsy results of children receiving fluoride tablets. J Am Dent Assoc; 95:310-14, Aug 1977. Dental enamel fluoride concentrations of unfluoridated children; those receiving fluoride supplements show no difference.
Smith G. A surfeit of fluoride? Sci Pro Oxf; 69:429-42, 1985.
Waitrowski et al. Dietary fluoride intake of infants. Pediatrics; 55:517, 1975. Placental transfer fluoridates newborn, reduces available fluoride binding sites.
Krook L. The Cornell Veterinarian; Vol. 60 (Supplement 8), 1979.
Louw & van Wyk. J Dental Research, June 1981.
Maduska et al. Placental transfer of intravenous fluoride in the pregnant ewe. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 136:84, 1980.

Lack of Dental Benefit

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Colquhoun J. Fluoridation in New Zealand: New evidence. Am Lab;17:(5)66-72, (6)98-102,1985.
Colquhoun J. Child dental health differences in New Zealand. Community Health Studies; 11:85-90, 1987.
Colquhoun J. and Mann R. Address before the 56th Congress of the Australian and New Zealand Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, Jan 26, 1987. A reexamination of New Zealand's fluoridation trial (Hastings and Napier) finds gross irregularities in diagnostic procedures in Hastings and obfuscation of comparable caries decline in control city, Napier.
Colquhoun J. Fluorides and the decline in tooth decay in New Zealand. Fluoride; 26:125-134, 1993. Decline in tooth decay commenced before and independently of fluoridation or other uses of fluoride.
DePaola PF et al. Changes in caries prevalence of Massachusetts children over thirty years. J Dental Res; 60:360, 1981. Reports a decline in caries prevalence of 40-50%, both in fluoridated and in unfluoridated communities.
Diesendorf M. The mystery of declining tooth decay. Nature; 322:125-9, 1986.
Diesendorf M. A Re-examination of Australian fluoridation trials. Search; 17:256-61,1986.
Douglas et al. Impact of water fluoridation on dental practice and dental manpower. J Am Dent Assoc; 84:355-67, 1972. When naturally fluoridated and unfluoridated communities are compared, the cost and nature of dental care are not significantly different; in fact, dentists' income in fluoridated communities is higher.
Forst JA. Report by Bureau of Health Services, October 26, 1954. Dental comparison of school children of Kingston and Newburgh, NY, after ten years fluoridation in Newburgh, finds better dental health in unfluoridated Kingston.
Gish and Muhler. Effectiveness of a stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental caries. J Dentistry for Children; May-June 1971. The 5-year increase in cavities in school children using fluoridated dentifrice was the same as those using a non-fluoridated dentifrice.
Glass. Secular changes in caries prevalence in two Masachusetts towns. Caries Research; 15:445-50, 1980. Decline in caries prevalence in nonfluoridated community equals that of fluoridated community ('58-'78).
Gray AS. Fluoridation: time for a new baseline? J Canadian Dent Assoc; 53:763-5, 1987. Expected benefit of fluoridation not found.
Kumar VK, Green EL, Wallace, Carnahan T. Trends in dental fluorosis and dental caries prevalences in Newburgh and Kingston, NY. Am J Pub Health; May 1989; 79: 565-69. Caries decline since '55 in both communities; no advantage in fluoridated Newburgh. More fluorosis (thru age 12) in Newburgh.
Schrotenboer. Editorial review, J Am Dent Assoc; 102, April 1981. No proof that current decline in cavities is due to fluoridation.
Scott F. Editorial, Fluoridation: more evidence it is not safe or effective. Am Lab; June 1986.
Tijmstra T et al. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology; 6:227-30, 1978. When children are matched by fathers' occupation, candy consumption and toothbrushing habits, the supposed reduction in caries among fluoride users vanishes.
Yiamouyiannis J. Water fluoridation and tooth decay: results from the 1986-1987 National Survey of U.S. schoolchildren. Fluoride; 23:55-67, 1990. No difference.
Ziegelbecker R. Fluoridated Water and Teeth. Fluoride; 14:123-8, 1981. European scientists, in evaluating USPHS claims of fluoride dental benefits, find these supposed benefits are random, i.e. not dose-related, and are unconvincing whereas the toxicity (dental fluorosis) is dose-related.
National Dental Caries Prevalence Survey of 1979-80. NIH Pub. No. 82-2245, March 1982. Fails to demonstrate any advantage of artificial fluoridation.
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Special Report No. 2, National Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Program 1983. Found no benefit from topical treatments tried in a four-year test in ten differing communities.

Toxicity: Fluoride is toxic; no lower limit of safety found

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Bucher JR et al. Results and conclusions of the National Toxicology Program's rodent carcinogenicity studies with Na-F. Int J Cancer; 48:733-737, 1991.
Clark J, Taylor J. I.R. evidence for a strong hydrogen bond in the fluoride-uracil system. J Chem Soc Comm; pp 466-68, 1981.
Clark R. Neutrophil iodination reaction induced by fluoride: implications for degranulation and metabolic activation. Blood; 57:No.5 (May) 1981.
Colquhoun J. Disfiguring dental fluorosis in Auckland, New Zealand. Fluoride;17:66-72, 1984.
DeChatelet et al. Effects of fluoride on the oxidative metabolism of human neutrophils. Biochem Med; 25:106-13, 1981.
Desai VK et al. Epidemiological study of goitre in endemic fluorosis district of Gujarat. Fluoride; 26:187-90, 1993. Shows correlation of fluorosis with goiter.
Edwards S et al. The crystal structure of fluoride-inhibited cytochrome c peroxidase. J Biolog Chem; 259:12984-8, 10 Oct 1984.

Fluoride and Bone

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Alhava EM et al. The effect of drinking water fluoridation on the fluoride content, strength and mineral density of human bone. Acta Orthop Scand; 51:413-20, 1980.
Arnala I. Bone fluoride, histomorphometry and incidence of hip fracture. Pub of the U. of Kuopio, Med Series Orig Rep, Kuopio, 1980.
Arnala I. et al. Effects of fluoride on bone in Finland: histomophometry of cadavar bone from low and high fluoride areas. Acta Ortho Scand; 56:161-6,1985.
Arnala I. et al. Hip fracture incidence not affected by fluoridation. Acta Ortho Scand; 57:344-8, 1986. No benefit found from fluoridation.
Avioli LV. Fluoride treatment of osteoporosis. Postgrad Med: A Special Report, pp 26-27, 14 Sept 1987. Fluoride treatment has no place in the treatment of osteoporosis.
Baylink DJ and Bernstein DS. The effects of fluoride therapy on metabolic bone disease. Clin Ortho & Rel Res; 55:51-85, 1967.
Bernstein DS, Cohen P. Use of sodium fluoride in the treatment of osteoporosis. J Clin Endocr; 27:197-210, 1967.
Chlebna-Sokol D and Czerwinski E. Bone structure assessment on radiographs of distal radial metaphysis in children with dental fluorosis. Fluoride; 26:3744, 1993. Dental fluorosis correlated with increased trabecular X-ray density.
Cohn PD. An epidemiological report on drinking water and fluoridation. New Jersey Dept. of Health report, Nov 1992. Osteosarcoma in young men correlated with fluoridation.
Cooper C, Wickham CAC, Barker DJR and Jacobsen SJ. Water fluoridation and hip fracture. J Am Med Assoc; 266:513, 1991. Fluoridation correlated with increased hip fracture risk.
Czerwinski E et al. Bone and joint pathology in fluoride-exposed workers. Archives of Environmental Health; 43:340-3, Sept/Oct 1988.
Fisher RL et al. Endemic fluorosis with spinal cord compression: A case report and review. Arch Intern Med; 149:697-700, 1989. Spinal cord compression due to fluoride-induced osteosclerosis.
Hedlund LR and Gallagher JC. Increased incidence of hip fracture in osteoporotic women treated with sodium fluoride. J Bone & Min Res; 4:223-5, 1989.
Goggin JE et al. Incidence of femoral fractures in postmenopausal women. Pub Health Rep; 80:1005-12, 1965. No benefit found in fluoridated areas.
Ho SC et al. Hip fracture rates in Hong Kong and the United States, 1988 through 1989. Am J Pub Health; 83:694-7, 1993. U.S. hip fracture rates higher than in Hong Kong.
Jacobsen SJ et al. Regional variation in the incidence of hip fracture. J Am Med Assoc; 264:500-502, 1990. Review of 541,985 hip fractures in U.S. white women aged 65 years and older found strong correlation with fluoridation status.
Jacobsen SJ et al. Hip fracture incidence before and after the fluoridation of the public water supply, Rochester, Minnesota. Am J Pub Health; 83743-5, 1993.
Kleerekoper M. Presentation at the October meeting of the FDA Advisory Committee, as reported in Medical World News, Oct 23, 1989. p. 42.
Madans et al. The relationship between hip fracture and water fluoridation: an analysis of national data. Am J Public Health; 73:296-8,1983.
Mahoney MC et al. Bone cancer incidence rates in New York State: time trends and fluoridated water. Am J Pub Health; 81:475-9, 1991.
Munzenberg KJ, Moller F, Koch W. Adverse effects of osteoporosis treatment with fluoride. Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift; 133(5):56-8, 1991. Fluoride induced pain in extremeties as a result of stress fractures and calciumphosphate deposition in periarticular tissue.
National Toxicology Program fluoride/mammal study found increased incidence of osteosarcoma in fluoridated male rats. Reported by Medical Tribune, Nov. 13, 1989.
Riggs BL et al. Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Eng J Med; 322:802-9, 1990. No benefit to spine, increased fracture incidence in non-vertebral bones by fluoride.
Schnitzler CM, et al. Bone Fragility of the peripheral skeleton during fluoride therapy for osteoporosis. Clin Orthopaedics and Related Res. 261:268-71, 1990. Fluoride therapy induced spontaneous fractures three times that of untreated controls.
Simonen O and Laitenen O. Does fluoridation of drinking-water prevent bone fragility and osteoporosis? Lancet; 24(2):432-4, 1985.
Sowers FR et al. The relationship of bone mass and fracture history to fluoride and calcium intake: a study of three communities. Am J Clin Nutr; 44:889-98, 1986.
Sowers FR et al. A prospective study of bone mineral content and fracture in communities with differential fluoride exposure. Am J Epid; 133:649-60, 1991.
Suarez-Almazor ME et al. The fluoridation of drinking water and hip fracture hospitalization rates in two Canadian communities. Am J Pub Health; 83:689-93, 1993.
Weingrad TR et al. Periostitis due to low-dose fluoride intoxication demonstrated by bone scanning. Clin Nuclear Med; 16:59-61, 1991.
Zong-Chen L, En-Huei W. Osteoporosis--an early radiographic sign of endemic fluorosis. Skeletal Radiol; 15:350-3, 1986.

No Known Essential Uses for Fluoride

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National Academy of Sciences. Fluorides, Chapter 5, Is fluoride an essential element? Washington D.C. 1971. The answer is NO.
Federal Register, p. 16006, 16 March 1979. All paragraphs previously classifying fluoride as "essential or probably essential" were deleted by FDA. Fluoride is so ubiquitous that no diet can be constructed for man that is deficient or lacking in fluoride. All authorities agree.

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